Tooth Mobility among Patients visiting a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that results in the destruction of supporting tissue and bone leading to tooth mobility. Tooth mobility if untreated can lead to tooth loss. However, very few studies exist for its assessment. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of tooth mobility among patients visiting a tertiary care centre. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among individuals visiting a tertiary care dental hospital from 1st April to 30th June 2022 after obtaining ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 2202202202). Individuals more than 13 years who gave consent and fulfilled the study criteria were enrolled. Tooth mobility was assessed using Lindhe and Nyman's classification. Proforma also included demographics, simplified oral hygiene index, gingival index, body mass index, and smoking status. Convenience sampling was done. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results: Among 163 patients, 65 (39.88%) patients (32.36-47.40, 95% Confidence Interval) had tooth mobility. Conclusions: The prevalence of tooth mobility was higher than in studies done in similar settings. Keywords: periodontitis; prevalence; tooth mobility.

Use of an antiseptic rinse (NanArgol) for the oral hygiene maintenance of subjects with fixed appliances: A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The risk of periodontal diseases development increased in patients with malocclusion undergoing orthodontic treatment. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of the use of adjunctive rinses with nano-Argentum to standard oral hygiene regimen in subjects wearing fixed orthodontic appliances. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty patients were observed for 1 year. They were divided in two groups: in test group patients were instructed to rinse with non-ionic colloidal silver solution according to protocol for 6 months as an adjunct to standard; in control group the patients followed the standard oral hygiene regimen. Index of efficiency of oral hygiene (PHPm), community periodontal index (CPI) and papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA) were evaluated before treatment and after 1 and 6 months. For statistics analysis, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis tests and Pearson criterion were used. RESULTS: Baseline hygiene levels in two groups had no differences. Oral hygiene indices were significantly lower in the test group in comparison with control after 1 month (PHPm = 0.38 ± 0.18 and 1.19 ± 0.45, respectively, p < 0.01; PMA = 11.78 ± 8.5 and 47.25 ± 20.9, respectively, p < 0.05; CPI = 0.65 ± 0.53 and 1.53 ± 0.77, respectively, p < 0.01) and 6 months (PHPm = 0.5 ± 0.2 and 1.2 ± 0.4, respectively, p < 0.01; PMA = 11.62 ± 19.6 and 66.33 ± 27.9, respectively, p < 0.01; CPI = 0.63 ± 0.73 and 1.68 ± 0.78, respectively, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The use of the test solution as an adjunct to standard oral hygiene provided a significant beneficial effect in terms of oral hygiene in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.

Systemic and oral health status of older adult inpatients in an intensive care unit / Avaliação da condição sistêmica e oral de idosos internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva

Objective: To assess the systemic and oral health status of geriatric patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study of a convenience sample of 78 older ICU inpatients. A single calibrated examiner collected demographic and clinical data by analyzing patients' records and assessing their oral cavities. Descriptive data analysis was performed to a 5.00% significance level. All patients provided informed consent and were conscious during the oral health assessment. Results: The mean age was 77.69 years and 51.28% of the sample were male. The main reasons patients were admitted to the ICU investigated were postoperative conditions (23.08%) and cardiac abnormalities (20.51%). Systemic arterial hypertension (69.23%) was the most prevalent comorbidity and patients were being treated with anticoagulants (57.69%) and antimicrobials (53.85%). Most patients did not receive oral care (64.10%), while 29.49% of them received it only once, and 57.69% were denture users. The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth index was 23.74 (17.44 missing teeth, on average) and majorities had tongue biofilm (71.79%) and unsatisfactory oral hygiene during their time in hospital (84.62%). Conclusion: The oral status of hospitalized geriatric patients was characterized by poor hygiene and edentulism

Objetivos: Avaliar o estado de saúde sistêmica e oral de pacientes geriátricos internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). Metodologia: Estudo transversal descritivo, com amostra de conveniência de 78 idosos internados na UTI. Um único examinador calibrado coletou dados demográficos e clínicos, analisando os registros dos pacientes e avaliando as suas cavidades orais. A análise descritiva dos dados foi realizada com nível de significância de 5,00%. Todos os pacientes forneceram consentimento informado e estavam conscientes durante a avaliação da saúde oral. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 77,69 anos e 51,28% da amostra era do sexo masculino. Os principais motivos de internação dos pacientes na UTI investigados foram condições pósoperatórias (23,08%) e alterações cardíacas (20,51%). A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (69,23%) foi a comorbidade mais prevalente, e os pacientes estavam sendo tratados com anticoagulantes (57,69%) e antimicrobianos (53,85%). A maioria dos pacientes não recebeu cuidados orais (64,10%), enquanto 29,49% deles os receberam apenas uma vez e 57,69% eram usuários de próteses dentárias. O índice médio de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados foi de 23,74 (17,44 dentes ausentes, em média) e a maioria apresentou biofilme lingual (71,79%) e higiene oral insatisfatória durante a internação (84,62%). Conclusão: A condição oral dos pacientes geriátricos hospitalizados foi caracterizada por má higiene e edentulismo.

[Classical and digital option to index assessment of the oral hygiene]. / Klassicheskii i tsifrovoi podkhody k indeksnoi otsenke gigienicheskogo sostoyaniya rta.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Comparative evaluation of determining the hygienic state of the mouth in patients using classical methods (index evaluation) and using the digital platform. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 25 patients aged 16 to 60 years (women - 18, men - 7). A parallel determination of the level of oral hygiene using classical and digital approaches was carried out, the results obtained were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: When comparing the results obtained using both methods, it was revealed that in 24 out of 25 cases they turned out to be identical. The use of a digital protocol requires about two times less time than using the classical approach and allows for dynamic monitoring of the oral hygiene. CONCLUSION: The conducted research has shown that assessed digital platform is not inferior to the standard method of determining the level of hygiene. The result obtained using the digital platform gives a real-time visual representation of the level of oral hygiene of the patient, as it contains a transcript of the data and a detailed description of the type of dental deposits (the intensity of staining reflects the time interval of plaque formation).

A comparison of three different modalities in improving oral hygiene in adult orthodontic patients - An open label randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the study was to compare outcomes in terms of Bleeding index (BI), Gingival Index (GI) and Orthodontic Plaque Index (OPI) with videographic and plaque disclosing tablets (PDT) versus verbal instructions in adult orthodontic patients undergoing fixed appliance treatment (FAT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult orthodontic patients were recruited form outpatient orthodontic clinic who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were randomly allocated to three groups i.e., video, PDT AND VERBAL GROUPS: Subjects who had gingivitis as assessed by the Bleeding Index (BI), Gingival Index (GI) and Orthodontic Plaque Index (OPI) were recruited. Pre- and post-interventional measurements were taken at two intervals only for BI, GI and OPI. The primary outcome was to evaluate mean change in the BI, GI and OPI in the three study groups after six weeks. A computer-generated randomization list was used to allocate subjects to one of the three study groups using a random permuted block sampling of 6 and 9 to randomize the samples. RESULTS: A total of 99 subjects were assessed for eligibility out of which 96 participants were randomized as three of the participants declined to be part of this trial. The mean change in the oral hygiene indices score were assessed and we found no statistically significant difference among the three interventional groups. Pre- and postinterventional results showed statistically significant improvement in the oral hygiene indices for video and PDT group. No statistically significant difference for age, gender and education level on oral hygiene indices. Simple linear regression showed that video group produced significantly higher mean OPI change as compared to other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Visual aids performed better than verbal instructions. Gender, age, and education level did not have a statistically significant impact on oral hygiene indices.

The relationship between parents' oral hygiene knowledge and children with Down Syndrome's oral hygiene via OHI-S.

Background: Down Syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder responsible for mental and development retardation. DS occurs when a person has an extra chromosome (47 instead of 46), the third copy of the Trisomy 21 chromosome. This causes structural and functional anomalies in the human body and some degree of intellectual disability. Children with DS have poor oral hygiene as they are unable to understand and are unaware of its importance. Oral hygiene problems commonly found in children with DS are gingivitis, periodontal problems, pain, infection, and problems with the masticatory system. This study explored the relationship between parents' knowledge and maintenance of the oral hygiene of children with DS through the OHI-S (Oral Hygiene Index Simplified) Index Score. Method: This study was conducted by distributing 25 questions via Google Form to 100 subjects that belong to POTADS (Down Syndrome Parents Association. The participants were children diagnosed with Down Syndrome and their parents. Questionnaires were used to assess parents' knowledge about their child's oral hygiene. To assess the children's oral hygiene, dental exams were performed with the OHI-S on six tooth surfaces. To calculate the OHI-S score for each individual, the debris and calculus scores from the 6 surfaces of the teeth were totalled and divided by six. Results: The relationship between parents' knowledge and the maintenance of oral hygiene of children with DS was found by conducting a linear regression analysis and hypothetical test. The equation of Y = 77.734 + (-7.377) X was achieved through linear regression analysis, and indicated that a 1% increase in parents' knowledge caused a reduction in OHI-S score to 7.377. The hypothetical test showed that parents' knowledge affected their children's OHI-S score significantly. Conclusion: There was a significant contradictive relationship between parents' knowledge and the maintenance of oral hygiene of children with DS .

Oral health profile status and treatment needs in the Salvadoran elderly population: a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Older adults are a highly vulnerable group in their general health condition, including oral health that can be influenced by different factors, among them, changes in oral tissues inherent to the physiological processes of aging and by systemic condition. In El Salvador, it is a group that has received little attention at the public health level. OBJECTIVE: To determine the profile of the oral health status and treatment needs of the elderly population in El Salvador. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Secondary cross-sectional analysis of data from the last oral health survey in 471 Salvadorans aged 60 years and older. The variables under study were: sociodemographics, brushing frequency, oral hygiene according to simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), caries experience according to decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT) modified with international caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS) criteria, periodontal status through the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), edentulism and treatment needs. Statistical analysis was conducted using chi-square test, ANOVA, z-test and linear regression (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The older adults presented poor oral hygiene, low brushing frequency, high tooth loss with an average of 16 missing teeth while one third presented total edentulism. Most of the older adults were categorized as having "poor or very Poor" oral hygiene. Almost all respondents presented some degree of periodontal disease and required restorative intervention. CONCLUSION: The oral health status of elderly Salvadoran is poor. Furthermore, the development of public policies and specific oral health strategies aimed at this population is urgent.

Estrategia educativa de Prevención de Enfermedades Bucales en colaboradores de una Universidad Privada dentro del marco del Proyecto de Responsabilidad Social Universitaria / Educational strategy for the Prevention of Oral Diseases in collaborators of a Private University within the framework of the University Social Responsibility Project

RESUMEN Introducción. La caries dental y las enfermedades gingivales son las patologías más comunes en la población mundial y se ha demostrado que las prácticas de higiene oral pueden controlarlas y prevenirlas Objetivo. Diseñar una estrategia educativa de prevención de enfermedades bucales e implementar en forma piloto en el personal de limpieza de la Universidad del Pacífico en Paraguay. Metodología. Estudio de intervención cuasiexperimental en el personal de limpieza de la Universidad del Pacífico en el periodo 2021. Se registraron índices CPOD y de O´Leary para establecer diagnóstico. Cada paciente recibió elementos de higiene bucal y semanalmente recibía mensajes, fotos y videos motivadores vía WhatsApp. Resultados. Participaron 13 individuos de entre 21 y 48 años, 69% del sexo femenino. Se realizaron 6 talleres con insumos para cada participante. El 49% de los participantes logró el objetivo de llegar al 20% del índice de O´Leary y el 40% de ellos reducir el 50% el índice Caries y el 100% de los que completaron los talleres resolvió la gingivitis. De 6 talleres realizados, 3 participantes acudieron al 100% de las actividades Conclusión. El cepillado dental bajo supervisión e instrucciones sencillas disminuye el Índice de O´Leary y controla la gingivitis. El uso de teléfonos celulares para realizar seguimiento y dar motivación constante compartiendo mensajes recordatorios, reflexiones positivas, imágenes de sonrisas agradables y videos demostrativos, evidenció ser altamente efectivo promover la constancia de los cuidados de salud bucal, sin embargo, no hubo impacto sobre la cantidad de caries activas presentes.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Dental caries and periodontal disease are the most common oral pathologies affecting the global population and it is proven that a good oral hygiene practices can control and prevent them. Objective. to design an educative strategy to prevent oral diseases and experimentally implement it with the cleaning workers of the Universidad del Pacífico in Paraguay. Methodology. Interventional quasi-experimental study with the cleaning workers at Universidad del Pacífico in 2021. DMF and O´Leary Indexes were measured to stablish diagnosis. Each patient received oral hygiene supplies in every control meeting. They also received weekly messages, photos, videos via WhatsApp. Results. 13 people between 21 to 48 years old participated in this study. 69% of them were female. 6 workshops were conducted where each individual received hygiene supplies. 49% of the participants achieved the goal of reducing to 20% or less in the O´Leary Index and 40% reduced their Decay Index to 50% and all the individuals who suffered initially from gingivitis were no longer affected by it at the end of the study. Out of 6 workshops, only 3 people participated in all of them. Conclusion. Supervised tooth brushing can help diminishing O´Leary index and controls gingivitis. It was proven that the use of cell phones to communicate with the participants with texting, photos or videos to promote the strategy and to rise the spirit was very helpful, nonetheless there were no impact over the amount of tooth decays.

Comparison of Salivary IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and CTX with Periodontal Status among Patients Belonging to Various Skeletal Maturity Groups.

PURPOSE: To compare the levels of salivary IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and CTX with periodontal status among patients belonging to various skeletal maturity groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 80 participants 6 to 25 years of age. Based on skeletal maturity, the participants were categorised into 3 different stages: prepubertal, pubertal, and post-pubertal stages. The periodontal status of the participants was assessed using the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and community periodontal index (CPI). The saliva samples were examined for IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and CTX using the respective ELISA kits. One-way ANOVA was used to determine statistically significant differences of means across the study groups for continuous variables. RESULTS: The study demonstrated statistically significant differences for the parameters OHI-S, bleeding on probing, PPD, CPI, and CAL (p < 0.05) depending on skeletal maturity stage. ANOVA test showed a statistically significant difference by stage in IGF-1, IGFPB3, and CTX (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: An association exists between periodontal status and levels of salivary IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and CTX in patients belonging to various skeletal maturity groups.

Picture Examination Communication System Versus Video Modelling in Improving Oral Hygiene of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare video modelling (VM) to a Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) aimed at improving the oral hygiene of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: This prospectively stratified randomized controlled trial was conducted on 50 children with mild and moderate ASD. Children were assigned into two balanced groups. The control group was educated through PECS, and the intervention group was exposed to VM. Oral hygiene was assessed using the Oral Hygiene Index-simplified (OHI-s) on four occasions (at baseline and at three, six, and 12 months). Quantitative data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and a t-test at a five percent significance level and 95 percent confidence interval (95% CI), respectively. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (r) was used to correlate baseline characteristics in both groups to obtain average OHI-s scores. Results: The VM group showed a statistically significant reduction in average OHI-s scores compared to the PECS group over the follow-up period (P<0.001). At three, six, and 12 months, the OHI-s mean differences were 0.30 (95% CI equals 0.14 to 0.47), 0.58 (95% CI equals 0.39 to 0.77), and 0.57 (95% CI equals 0.30 to 0.84), respectively. For both groups, the severity of ASD was moderately associated with OHI-s scores at 12 months. Conclusion: Video modelling showed superior results in improving the oral hygiene of children with autism spectrum disorder compared to the Picture Exchange Communication System.

Relación entre edad, cepillado dental y experiencia de caries en niños / Relação entre idade, escovação dentária e experiência de cárie dentária em crianças / Relationship between age, toothbrushing and caries experience in children

El cepillado dental es el método tradicional reconocido para eliminar la biopelícula. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre edad y cepillado dental, así como la asociación entre hábitos de cepillado dental y presencia de caries en un grupo de escolares de Montevideo, Uruguay. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal, analítico, en 127 escolares de 4 a 11 años de edad, en Montevideo, Uruguay. Se realizó una encuesta a los padres en relación a los hábitos de cepillado dental de sus hijos y se estudiaron las variables tiempo de cepillado, Índice de Higiene Oral simplificado y se registró el índice para caries dental ICDAS. Resultados: La edad media de los participantes fue 7,93 años (DS ± 1,95). El tiempo promedio de cepillado fue de 47 segundos (DS ± 27 segundos). Los tiempos de cepillado que reportaron los padres difirieron significativamente de los observados en los niños. Al aumentar la edad, el tiempo de cepillado también aumentaba. Se ajustó un modelo de regresión múltiple para analizar la relación entre la disminución en la magnitud del IHOS debido al cepillado y las variables edad, género, tiempo de cepillado y ayuda en el cepillado. Se verificó asociación entre las variables ayuda y/o supervisión en el cepillado y presencia o no de caries dental. Conclusiones: Se encontró una relación significativa entre cepillado dental, edad y tiempo de cepillado en la población estudiada. A mayor edad, mayor tiempo de cepillado y mejor resultado en el índice de higiene oral. Los niños que recibían supervisión o ayuda de los padres fueron los que presentaron menos lesiones de caries.

A escovação dentária é o método tradicional reconhecido para a remoção do biofilme. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre idade e escovação dentária, bem como a associação entre hábitos de escovação dentária e a presença de cáries em um grupo de escolares em Montevidéu, Uruguai. Material e métodos: Um estudo observacional, transversal, analítico foi realizado em 127 escolares de 4 a 11 anos, em Montevidéu, Uruguai. Foi realizada um levantamento dos pais sobre os hábitos de escovação dentária de seus filhos e as variáveis foram estudadas para o tempo de escovação, índice simplificado de higiene bucal e o índice de cárie dentária do ICDAS. Resultados: A idade média dos participantes foi de 7,93 anos (DS s 1,95). O tempo médio de escovação foi de 47 segundos (DS x 27 segundos). Os tempos de escovação relatados pelos pais diferiram significativamente daqueles observados nas crianças. À medida que a idade aumentava, o tempo de escovação também aumentava. Um modelo de regressão múltipla foi ajustado para analisar a relação entre a diminuição da magnitude do IHOS devido à escovação e as variáveis de idade, sexo, tempo de escovação e auxílio de escovação. Houve associação entre as variáveis ajuda e/ou supervisão na escovação e presença ou não de cárie dentária Conclusões: Verificou-se uma relação significativa entre escovação dentária, idade e tempo de escovação na população estudada. Quanto mais velho, maior o tempo de escovação e melhor resultado no índice de higiene bucal. As crianças que receberam a supervisão ou a ajuda dos pais eram essas com menos os ferimentos da cavidade

Dental brushing is the recognized traditional method for removing the biofilm. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between age and toothbrushing, as well as the association between toothbrushing and caries lesions in schoolchildren in Montevideo, Uruguay. Material and methods: An observational, cross sectional and analytic study was carried on 127 schoolchildren aged 4 to 11 years old, in Montevideo, Uruguay. The parents were asked about the oral health habits of their children through a questionnaire, and the variables toothbrushing time, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index and ICDAS index were registered. Results: Mean age of the children was 7,93 years (SD ± 1,95). Mean time of toothbrushing was 47 seconds (DS ± 27 seconds). The toothbrushing times reported by the parents differed significantly from those observed in the children. As age increased, brushing time also increased. A multiple regression model was adjusted to analyze the relationship between the decrease in the magnitude of IHOS due to toothbrushing and the variables age, toothbrushing time and brushing aid. There was an association between the variables help and / or supervision in brushing and presence or not of dental caries. Conclusions: A significant relationship was found between toothbrushing, age, gender and brushing time in this group of children. When the age was higher, they spent more time brushing their teeth and they had better results in oral hygiene index. Children who had parents help or supervision had lower caries lesions

The Clinical Pattern and Prevalence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus among Adult and Children Patients with Dental Caries

Abstract Objective: To explore the clinical pattern, host factors, and presentation of Streptococcus mutans related to caries incidence among children and adults visiting Universitas Airlangga dental clinic. Material and Methods: This was an observational study with a cross-sectional approach with 50 patients in each group of carious children (6-12 years) and adults (18-35 years). Dental decay samples were taken by sterile excavator, put in a BHI's transport medium, and directly incubated overnight at 37 ºC. The next day, they were sub-cultured microbiologically in Tryptone Yeast Cystine Sucrose Bacitracin (TYCSB) selective medium. Bacterial species and serogroups were examined by PCR. All patient's data were collected from medical records and direct observation. Results: Caries were mostly media type in both children and adults. Oral hygiene (OHIS) in children was higher than in adults but not significantly different according to their DMFT. The highest scores for decay, missed and filled teeth were 16, 8 and 7, with an average of 6.82, 1.22 and 0.63, considered quite high. Conclusion: The prevalence of S. mutans was higher in children's caries than in adults, but among the adult patients the co-incidence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus was associated with higher DMFT. The mutans serotypes e, f, and d were more prevalent among children than adults.

Nivel de higiene y prevalencia de Porphyromona gingivalis y Fusobacterium nucleatum en pacientes recuperados de SARS-CoV-2 / Hygiene level and prevalence of Porphyromona gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in recovered SARS-CoV-2 patients

Introducción: El SARS-CoV-2 afecta el sistema respiratorio en diferentes grados. La cavidad oral es el lugar más colonizado por bacterias, por lo tanto, al no tener una adecuada higiene pueden presentarse diferentes enfermedades secundarias, lo que ha causado alerta en el gremio odontológico, ya que puede contribuir a complicaciones posteriores en los pacientes. Material y métodos: El estudio fue conformado por 47 pacientes voluntarios recuperados de SARS-CoV-2, residentes de Montemorelos, Nuevo León, México, donde fueron atendidos en Bucalia Dent, consultorio dental. Después del consentimiento informado de cada paciente, se realizó una historia clínica para conocer los síntomas, enfermedades sistémicas, ausencia de dientes y nivel de inflamación gingival de acuerdo al índice de Loe y Silness. A continuación, se tomó una muestra de biofilm microbiano (placa dentobacteriana), la cual se suspendió en una solución buffer de fosfato, posteriormente fue llevada al Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud (CIDICS), Monterrey, N.L, México. Se extrajo DNA y se purificó, después se realizó PCR para detectar los patógenos orales; la PCR se visualizó en gel de agarosa (1.5%) por tinción de bromuro de etidio. Resultados: Se detectó 80.85% Porphyromona gingivalis y 68.09% Fusobacterium nucleatum en pacientes recuperados de SARS-CoV-2; 23.4% presentaron inflamación leve de acuerdo al índice de Loe y Silness, 54.5% fueron masculinos y 45.5% femeninos. Por otro lado, 36.4% de los pacientes con inflamación leve tenían de cuatro a seis dientes ausentes. En estos pacientes se detectó 18.18% únicamente con Fusobacterium nucleatum y 27.27% sólo con Porphyromona gingivalis; el sexo masculino tuvo predisposición en 66.6% y el femenino en 33.33%. Se observó infección con los dos patógenos presentes en 45.45%; y 60% de estos pacientes fueron masculinos. Conclusiones: Los pacientes recuperados de SARSCoV- 2 analizados en esta investigación mostraron mala higiene oral y alta prevalencia de los patógenos mencionados altamente relacionados a inflamación gingival o enfermedad periodontal, lo que nos indica que es indispensable la intervención del odontólogo al finalizar el periodo de infección de cada paciente (AU)

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 affects the respiratory system to different degrees. The oral cavity is a colonized place by bacterias, therefore, by not having good hygiene, different secondary diseases can occur; this has caused an alert in the dental industry, since it can contribute to later complications in patients. Material and methods: The study was conducted in 47 SARS-CoV-2 recovered volunteers from the Montemorelos city of the Nuevo León state, Mexico, who were attended at the Bucalia Dent dental clinic. An informed consent was obtained from each of the patients, then their clinical history was documented in order to know the symptoms, previous systemic diseases, absence of teeth and degree of gingival inflammation, as suggested by Loe and Silness. Subsequently, a dental plaque sample was taken from all patients, which was suspended in a phosphate buffered solution and shipped to The Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences (CIDICS), Monterrey, NL, Mexico for storage. DNA extraction and purification was performed and PCR was carried out for the oral pathogens detection. All PCR products were visualized on 1.5% agarose gel by ethidium bromide staining. Results: Porphyromona gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum were detected in 80.85% and 68.09% of SARS-CoV-2 recovered patients, respectively. 23.4% showed mild inflammation based on the Loe and Silness criteria, 54.5% were male and 45.5% female. On the other hand, 36.4% of patients with mild inflammation had between 4 to 6 missing teeth. A single infection by Fusobacterium nucleatum was detected in 18.18% and by Porphyromona gingivalis in 27.27%; the male sex had a predisposition with 66.66% and 33.33% female; coinfection of both pathogens was observed in 45.45% where 60% were male. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 recovered patients show poor oral hygiene and a high prevalence of oral pathogens related to the development of inflammatory gingival or periodontal disease, this suggests the need for an odontological clinical intervention at the end of the course of infection or disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (AU)

Assessment of Oral Health Education with the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index in Military Students - A Comparative Study.

PURPOSE: To assess the impact of participation in a group oral health education course on oral hygiene in Romanian military students compared to a non-participant control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 318 participants was enrolled from 805 recruited students. Baseline and 6-month post-intervention Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) scores were compared between an oral health education intervention (OHE) group (N = 159) and a control group (N = 159) using Student's t-test. All participants received individualised instruction; only those in the OHE group participated in interactive group oral-health training. RESULTS: Post-intervention OHI-S scores improved statistically significantly (p< 0.05) in both groups compared to baseline scores. The OHE group's post-intervention OHI-S scores were statistically significantly better (p< 0.05) than the control group's intervention scores. Women had better OHI-S scores than men at both time points. CONCLUSIONS: An interactive educational module produced favorable oral health results. It would be appropriate to provide an oral health course to military students aimed at supporting the maintenance of good oral health.

Oral Candidal Load and Oral Health Status in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients: A Case-Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the candidal load of the patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and evaluate the oral health status of subjects with COPD. Material and Methods. N = 112 COPD subjects and N = 100 control subjects were included in the study. The selection of COPD cases was confirmed based on the set criteria from the American College of Physicians. The oral health status was assessed as per WHO criteria to determine the score of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT), significant caries index (SiC), community periodontal index and treatment needs (CPITN), and oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S). Gram staining was performed to identify Candida using the whole saliva. Quantitative evaluation of the candidal load was carried out using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). Chrome agar was used to differentiate between the commensal carriages. A statistical analysis paired t-test and 95% confidence interval (CI) for proportions was carried out using STATA software. RESULTS: Candidal growth was found in 21.42% (n = 24) of COPD cases and 1.1% (n = 11) of control cases (p < 0.05) (95% CI 0.45, 0.59). The DMFT score was 8.26 in COPD subjects and 4.6 in controls, the SiC score was 16.42 in COPD subjects and 10.25 in controls, and the CPITN score for both COPD and control cases was score 2. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, there was a higher candidal load among subjects suffering from COPD. Theophylline medication can be a risk factor for increased candidal load in COPD patients.

Advantages of using toothpaste containing propolis and plant oils for gingivitis prevention and oral cavity hygiene in cleft lip/palate patients.

BACKGROUND: The anti-inflammatory and antibacterial action of preparations used during oral hygiene procedures is particularly important in patients with oral cleft. Few reports have been published assessing the influence of natural products on the state of the oral cavity in patients with oral cleft. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of toothpaste containing Polish propolis and plant oils on oral cavity health in patients with oral cleft treated orthodontically. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 50 patients aged 9-16 years old (20 females, 23 males) were selected and randomly assigned into two groups. Group (A) received toothpaste with Polish propolis, tea tree oil, menthol, and rosemary oil. Group (B) received toothpaste without active ingredients (placebo). A baseline assessment was followed by an oral hygiene index (OHI, debris OHI-D, and calculus OHI-C component) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) after 35 days. The methodology of the oral condition assessment included the presence of cleft malformation as a dysmorphic of the anterior maxilla segment. RESULTS: In group A, improvement in oral cavity hygiene assessed for incisors and molars was found (OHI-T p = 0.011). For the gingival condition, a decrease in the gingival bleeding index - total (GBI-T p = 0.002), as well as for the incisors (GBI-I p = 0.007) and molars (GBI-M p = 0.017) was found. CONCLUSIONS: This research confirms the biological effectiveness of toothpaste with Polish propolis and plant oils. These results may be clinically useful for improving preventative oral care and for control of oral infectious diseases during orthodontic treatment in patients with oral cleft.

CPOD y limitación del ánimo en escolares de 12 años, parroquia San Sebastián-Cuenca 2016 / CPOD and mood limitation in school children aged 12, San Sebastian parish-Cuenca 2016

La caries dental constituye uno de los problemas de salud bucal más habituales que afecta principalmente a los niños y jóvenes en edad escolar, alterando la salud en general y la calidad de vida de las personas, convirtiéndose así en un problema de salud pública. Objetivo: El propósito del presente estudio fue obtener la incidencia de la mala higiene oral relacionada con el estado de ánimo en los niños escolares de 12 años de edad en la parroquia San Sebastián, Cuenca-Ecuador.Métodos: El siguiente estudio tiene un enfoque cuantitativo, de estudio descriptivo, donde se analizaron 281 escolares de 12 años de edad.Resultados: Mediante el método de análisis de Kendall aplicado a las variables CPOD y limitación en el estado de ánimo fue de 0.987 en el sexo femenino y 0.304 en el sexo masculino.Conclusión: Se evidenció que no hubo relación alguna entre el nivel de CPOD y el estado de ánimo.

Aspiration pneumonia: A renewed perspective and practical approach.

Aspiration pneumonia (AP) is a sub-type of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) still poorly recognized especially in the absence of an aspiration event. A further difficulty is the differentiation between AP and aspiration pneumonitis. From a clinical perspective, AP is becoming increasingly relevant as a potential cause of severe and life-threatening respiratory infection among frail and very old patients, particularly among those with CAP requiring inpatient care. Moreover, AP is frequently underdiagnosed and a clear-cut definition of this pathological entity is lacking. There are different factors that increase the risk for aspiration, but other common factors influencing oral colonization such as malnutrition, smoking, poor oral hygiene or dry mouth, are also important in the pathogenesis of AP and should be considered. While there is no doubt in the diagnosis of AP in cases of a recent witnessed aspiration of oropharyngeal or gastric content, we here proposed a definition of AP that also includes silent unobserved aspirations. For this reason, the presence of one or more risk factors of oropharyngeal aspiration is required together with one or more risk factors for oral bacterial colonization. This proposed definition based on expert opinion not only unifies the diagnostic criteria of AP, but also provides the possibility to devise easily applicable strategies to prevent oral colonization.

Oral health status for primary dentition - A pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Formulating an oral health status which will include oral hygiene index (OHI) exclusively for children, deft index, and the incidence of white spot lesions (WSL) will make it easier for the examiner to assess the current oral health status of a child and help in planning preventive strategies. This index will provide a comprehensive yet quick way to assess the oral health status of children as it includes past caries experience, present oral hygiene status, and future prediction of caries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred children (100 male, 100 female) aged 3-5 years (primary dentition) were included in this study. OHI, recorded index tooth wise and segment wise, deft index, and the WSLs classification were recorded in all the children. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the accuracy of recording OHI in children index tooth wise and segment wise. RESULTS: All the three indices were recorded for the 200 subjects, and based on the area under the curve of receiver operating characteristics, it was found that the OHI for primary dentition can be recorded tooth wise or segment wise. Index teeth chosen for primary dentition were labial surfaces of 54, 61, and 64, lingual surfaces of 82, 75, and 85. CONCLUSION: It includes the past caries experience, present hygiene status, and the future prediction of caries, making it a wholesome index. This cumulative index can be widely used in studies of epidemiology and ensure quicker evaluation during dental health programs in public school systems.

Impact of oral hygiene training to Anganwadi and Accredited Social Health Activist workers on oral health of young children in tribal regions of Rajasthan State, India.

CONTEXT: Early childhood caries is one of the most widespread diseases affecting children in urban and rural India. Community health workers can bring about a quantum of change in improving the oral health in children. AIMS: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of oral health training imparted to Anganwadi and accredited social health activist (ASHA) workers on improving the oral hygiene of 148 children aged 1-6 years. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The preintervention followed by oral health training and postintervention assessment were done at three Anganwadi and ASHA centers of Rajasthan. METHODOLOGY: The preintervention data included Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth/decayed, extracted, and filled teeth, oral hygiene indices (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified [OHI-S] and Oral Hygiene Index Simplified-Modified [OHIS-M]), plaque index, and caries activity using Oratest. The oral health training consisted of PowerPoint presentations, video presentations, live demonstrations on brushing technique, rinsing, plaque disclosure, and flossing technique. They were enlightened on deleterious oral habits, emergency protocol on trauma, etc. The postintervention data included outcome measures consisting of oral hygiene indices (OHI-S and OHIS-M), plaque index, and Oratest after 2 months to evaluate the impact of training. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The data were analyzed using Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, independent t-test, paired t-test, and one-way analysis of variance test. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement in toothbrushing practices and rinsing (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in debris index, calculus index, OHI-S/OHIS-M, plaque index, and Oratest after intervention (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Empowering Anganwadi and ASHA workers can be a feasible approach in India, where oral health is not a priority in primary health care as yet.